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Ascorbic Acid I.H.C. Chempharm Ascorbic acid is known for its antioxidant properties. It is a molecular bond of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Most people are familiar with L-ascorbic acid, more commonly referred to as vitamin C. When not in vitamin C form, ascorbic acid may be used in ...展开 Ascorbic acid is known for its antioxidant properties. It is a molecular bond of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Most people are familiar with L-ascorbic acid, more commonly referred to as vitamin C. When not in vitamin C form, ascorbic acid may be used in solutions to develop film. It oxidizes easily, but prevents the destruction of various cells - hence the term antioxidant. It must be stored in a cool dark place. It also oxidizes in the presence of metals, so it should not be stored in any type of metal container. 收起
ATUREX® 1000IU Tocopherol Aturex Group ATUREX® 1000IU Tocopherol is a D-α Tocopherol which is a vitamin E supplement. It is a light yellow to brownish red, clear, viscous oil. It has a mild, characteristic odor and taste, and its biological activity is three times higher than synthetic VE. It ...展开 ATUREX® 1000IU Tocopherol is a D-α Tocopherol which is a vitamin E supplement. It is a light yellow to brownish red, clear, viscous oil. It has a mild, characteristic odor and taste, and its biological activity is three times higher than synthetic VE. It has a absorbance level of 254nm-284nm and a potency of 1000IU. ATUREX® 1000IU Tocopherol is used as a natural antioxidant, nutrition enhancer, and in the food and beverage industry. 收起
ATUREX® 1000IU Tocopheryl Acetate Aturex Group ATUREX® 1000IU Tocopheryl Acetate is a vitamin E supplement. It is a clear, pale yellow viscous, oil-like liquid. It has a slight vegetable oil aroma and a mild taste. It has a potency of 1000IU. ATUREX® 1000IU Tocopheryl Acetate is used in the food indus...展开 ATUREX® 1000IU Tocopheryl Acetate is a vitamin E supplement. It is a clear, pale yellow viscous, oil-like liquid. It has a slight vegetable oil aroma and a mild taste. It has a potency of 1000IU. ATUREX® 1000IU Tocopheryl Acetate is used in the food industry. 收起
ATUREX® 1100IU Tocopherol Aturex Group ATUREX® 1100IU Tocopherol is a D-α Tocopherol which is a vitamin E supplement. It is a light yellow to brownish color, clear, viscous oil. It has a mild, characteristic odor and taste, and its biological activity is three times higher than synthetic VE. I...展开 ATUREX® 1100IU Tocopherol is a D-α Tocopherol which is a vitamin E supplement. It is a light yellow to brownish color, clear, viscous oil. It has a mild, characteristic odor and taste, and its biological activity is three times higher than synthetic VE. It has a absorbance level of 254nm-284nm and a potency of 1100IU. ATUREX® 1100IU Tocopherol is used as a natural antioxidant, nutrition enhancer, and in the food and beverage industry. 收起
ATUREX® 1100IU Tocopheryl Acetate Aturex Group ATUREX® 1100IU Tocopheryl Acetate is a vitamin E supplement. It is a clear pale yellow, viscous oil having a slight vegetable oil aroma and a mild taste. It has a potency of 1100IU and is a good antioxidant. ATUREX® 1100IU Tocopheryl Acetate is used in th...展开 ATUREX® 1100IU Tocopheryl Acetate is a vitamin E supplement. It is a clear pale yellow, viscous oil having a slight vegetable oil aroma and a mild taste. It has a potency of 1100IU and is a good antioxidant. ATUREX® 1100IU Tocopheryl Acetate is used in the food industry. 收起
ATUREX® 1185IU Tocopheryl Acid Succinate Aturex Group ATUREX® 1185IU Tocopheryl Acid Succinate is a D-α Tocopherol which is a vitamin E supplement. It is a white to off-white crystalline power with little or no odor or taste. It has an absorbance level of 254mn-284mn and is a good antioxidant. ATUREX® 1185IU...展开 ATUREX® 1185IU Tocopheryl Acid Succinate is a D-α Tocopherol which is a vitamin E supplement. It is a white to off-white crystalline power with little or no odor or taste. It has an absorbance level of 254mn-284mn and is a good antioxidant. ATUREX® 1185IU Tocopheryl Acid Succinate is used in dietary foods and in the food industry. 收起
ATUREX® 1200IU Tocopherol Aturex Group ATUREX® 1200IU Tocopherol is a D-α Tocopherol, which is a vitamin E supplement. It is a natural antioxidant and a nutrition enhancer. It is a light yellow to brownish red, clear, viscous oil. It has a mild, characteristic odor and taste. It has a absorba...展开 ATUREX® 1200IU Tocopherol is a D-α Tocopherol, which is a vitamin E supplement. It is a natural antioxidant and a nutrition enhancer. It is a light yellow to brownish red, clear, viscous oil. It has a mild, characteristic odor and taste. It has a absorbance level of 254nm-284nm and a potency of 1200IU. ATUREX® 1200IU Tocopherol is a additive used in food and beverages. 收起
ATUREX® 1200IU Tocopheryl Acetate Aturex Group ATUREX® 1200IU Tocopheryl Acetate is a vitamin E supplement. It is a clear,pale yellow, viscous oil having a slight vegetable oil aroma and a mild taste. It has a potency of 1200IU and is a good antioxidant. ATUREX® 1200IU Tocopheryl Acetate is used in th...展开 ATUREX® 1200IU Tocopheryl Acetate is a vitamin E supplement. It is a clear,pale yellow, viscous oil having a slight vegetable oil aroma and a mild taste. It has a potency of 1200IU and is a good antioxidant. ATUREX® 1200IU Tocopheryl Acetate is used in the food industry. 收起
ATUREX® 1210IU Tocopheryl Acid Succinate Aturex Group ATUREX® 1210IU Tocopheryl Acid Succinate is a vitamin E supplement. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder with little or no odor or taste. It has an absorbance level of 254mn-284mn, a potency of 1210IU and is a good antioxidant. ATUREX® 1210IU Toc...展开 ATUREX® 1210IU Tocopheryl Acid Succinate is a vitamin E supplement. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder with little or no odor or taste. It has an absorbance level of 254mn-284mn, a potency of 1210IU and is a good antioxidant. ATUREX® 1210IU Tocopheryl Acid Succinate is used in dietary foods and in the food industry. 收起
ATUREX® 1300IU Tocopherol Aturex Group ATUREX® 1300IU Tocopherol is a vitamin E supplement. It is a light yellow to brownish red, clear, viscous oil. It has a mild, characteristic odor and taste, and its biological activity is three times higher than synthetic VE. It has a absorbance level of ...展开 ATUREX® 1300IU Tocopherol is a vitamin E supplement. It is a light yellow to brownish red, clear, viscous oil. It has a mild, characteristic odor and taste, and its biological activity is three times higher than synthetic VE. It has a absorbance level of 254nm-284nm and a potency of 1300IU. ATUREX® 1300IU Tocopherol is used as a natural antioxidant, nutrition enhancer, and in the food and beverage industry. 收起
ATUREX® 25 Toco Aturex Group ATUREX® 25 Toco is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a lightish yellow to brownish red viscous oil and it has a vegetable oil taste. It has a total VE of 25% or greater. ATUREX® 25 Toco is used in ...展开 ATUREX® 25 Toco is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a lightish yellow to brownish red viscous oil and it has a vegetable oil taste. It has a total VE of 25% or greater. ATUREX® 25 Toco is used in food and beverages. 收起
ATUREX® 50 Toco Aturex Group ATUREX® 50 Toco is a mixed tocopherol. It is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a brownish to light yellow color and it is in liquid form. It has a mild and special oil with medium viscosity and its...展开 ATUREX® 50 Toco is a mixed tocopherol. It is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a brownish to light yellow color and it is in liquid form. It has a mild and special oil with medium viscosity and its total VE is 50% or greater.. ATUREX® 50 Toco is used in food and beverages. 收起
ATUREX® 70 Toco Aturex Group ATUREX® 70 Toco is a mixed tocopherol. It is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a brownish to light yellow color and it comes in the form of a transparent liquid with middle viscosity. It has a mild...展开 ATUREX® 70 Toco is a mixed tocopherol. It is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a brownish to light yellow color and it comes in the form of a transparent liquid with middle viscosity. It has a mild taste and a special odor with a total VE of 70% or greater. ATUREX® 70 Toco is used in food and beverages. 收起
ATUREX® 90 Toco Aturex Group ATUREX® 90 Toco is a mixed tocopherol. It is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a brownish to light yellow color and is in liquid form. It has a mild taste and special odor and it has a total VE of ...展开 ATUREX® 90 Toco is a mixed tocopherol. It is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a brownish to light yellow color and is in liquid form. It has a mild taste and special odor and it has a total VE of 90% or greater. ATUREX® 90 Toco is used in foods and beverages. 收起
ATUREX® 95 Toco Aturex Group ATUREX® 95 Toco is a mixed tocopherol. It is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a brownish or light yellow color in liquid form. It has a mild taste with a special odor. It has middle viscosity and ...展开 ATUREX® 95 Toco is a mixed tocopherol. It is a natural antioxidant and nutrition enhancer, without organic solvent and metal ions. It is a brownish or light yellow color in liquid form. It has a mild taste with a special odor. It has middle viscosity and has a total VE of 95% or greater. ATUREX® 95 Toco is used in food and beverages. 收起
ATUREX® D-alpha Tocopherol Acid Glycol1000 Succinate Aturex Group ATUREX® D-alpha Tocopherol Acid Glycol1000 Succinate is a natural vitamin E supplement. It is a natural antioxidant and a nutritional enhancer. It is a light yellow to a yellow waxy solid. It has no characteristic odor or smell. ATUREX® D-alpha Tocopherol...展开 ATUREX® D-alpha Tocopherol Acid Glycol1000 Succinate is a natural vitamin E supplement. It is a natural antioxidant and a nutritional enhancer. It is a light yellow to a yellow waxy solid. It has no characteristic odor or smell. ATUREX® D-alpha Tocopherol Acid Glycol1000 Succinate is used in the food and beverage industry. 收起
Biotin (Vitamin B7 / Vitamin H) I.H.C. Chempharm Biotin (Vitamin B7 / Vitamin H) is a B-complex vitamin, also known as vitamin B-7 or vitamin H. It is important in a number of metabolic functions in the human body, including cell growth, the synthesis of fatty acids, and the metabolism of the amino acid...展开 Biotin (Vitamin B7 / Vitamin H) is a B-complex vitamin, also known as vitamin B-7 or vitamin H. It is important in a number of metabolic functions in the human body, including cell growth, the synthesis of fatty acids, and the metabolism of the amino acid leucine. Biotin also assists in the Krebs cycle, through which the body converts food into energy, and in the transfer of carbon dioxide within the body. Intestinal bacteria naturally produce this vitamin, and a deficiency is therefore quite rare. 收起
Calciferol (Vitamin D2) I.H.C. Chempharm Calciferol is a synthetic form of vitamin D2 that can be taken as a supplement to improve or stabilize calcium levels in the body. When taken as directed, the supplement corrects low levels of available calcium so the blood does not have to rob minerals f...展开 Calciferol is a synthetic form of vitamin D2 that can be taken as a supplement to improve or stabilize calcium levels in the body. When taken as directed, the supplement corrects low levels of available calcium so the blood does not have to rob minerals from bones. Many health food stores and vitamin retailers offer over-the-counter calciferol tablets, but a person should speak with a doctor before starting a vitamin regimen to make sure it is safe. Vitamin D is a vital nutrient. It promotes strong bones and body systems by regulating the amount of calcium available in the bloodstream. When a person has a vitamin D deficiency such as rickets, his or her blood tries to compensate for low calcium by extracting the mineral from bones, leaving them soft, brittle, and highly susceptible to injury. Calciferol supplements can help to correct major vitamin D deficiencies when increasing dietary intake is not enough. 收起
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) I.H.C. Chempharm Cyanocobalamin is a water-soluble member of the B family of vitamins which is more commonly referred to as vitamin B12. This vitamin doesn’t occur naturally. Instead, it is synthesized by the conversion of hydroxocobalamin, which is produced from various ...展开 Cyanocobalamin is a water-soluble member of the B family of vitamins which is more commonly referred to as vitamin B12. This vitamin doesn’t occur naturally. Instead, it is synthesized by the conversion of hydroxocobalamin, which is produced from various strains of bacteria through an exchange of cyanide molecules and then purified with exposure to activated charcoal. Since this nutrient is considered the most air-stable member of the vitamin B family, it is also the most commonly used form of vitamin B12 utilized in the food and dietary supplement industries. It should be noted that while cyanocobalamin is recognized as a form of vitamin B12, it isn’t the only one. In fact, the two terms are not necessarily interchangeable. Vitamin B12 actually represents a class of chemically related vitamins that exhibit similar pharmacological characteristics. Still, since cyanocobalamin is the form most stable and easily absorbed form, it’s likely to be included in the list of ingredients on a bottle of multivitamins where the vitamin B12 content is given. 收起
D-alpha Tocopherol Acetate Powder Aturex Group D-alpha Tocopherol Acetate Powder is a water-soluble supplement that contains 700IU of pure vitamin E. It is a white or off white powder and it has no odor or taste. D-alpha Tocopherol Acetate Powder is used in nutritional food, bread, snacks, and dairy p...展开 D-alpha Tocopherol Acetate Powder is a water-soluble supplement that contains 700IU of pure vitamin E. It is a white or off white powder and it has no odor or taste. D-alpha Tocopherol Acetate Powder is used in nutritional food, bread, snacks, and dairy products. 收起
Folic Acid(Vitamin B9) I.H.C. Chempharm Folic acid is a form of vitamin B that helps the body stay healthy. It is the man-made version of folate, which supports the body's ability to produce red blood cells. Initially, it was used during the 1930s to treat anemia in pregnant women. The vitamin ...展开 Folic acid is a form of vitamin B that helps the body stay healthy. It is the man-made version of folate, which supports the body's ability to produce red blood cells. Initially, it was used during the 1930s to treat anemia in pregnant women. The vitamin gets its name from the Latin word folium, which means "leaf," because the vitamin is found in leafy vegetables. The synthetic version is available as a supplement. Everyone can benefit from taking folic acid, but it is especially important for women of child bearing age. The vitamin can help prevent abnormalities in a developing baby's spine, which can lead to spina bifida. It can also reduce the likelihood of anencephaly, a condition in which the brain doesn't develop. Women who plan on becoming pregnant should start taking supplements that include this vitamin at least three months before conception, since it is most important during the first few weeks of pregnancy. Those who are already pregnant should begin taking it as soon as they find out about their condition. According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS), pregnant women need 600 mcg daily. 收起
Inositol (B- Vitamin compl.) I.H.C. Chempharm Inositol is a naturally occurring nutrient that is usually classified as a carbocyclic polyol. The most common form is sometimes referred to as myo-inositol. In the human body, it plays a major role in preventing the collection of fats in the liver, as we...展开 Inositol is a naturally occurring nutrient that is usually classified as a carbocyclic polyol. The most common form is sometimes referred to as myo-inositol. In the human body, it plays a major role in preventing the collection of fats in the liver, as well as promoting healthy hair growth. The presence of the nutrient also aids in efficient processing of nutrients into the conversion of energy, which in turn helps the body to maintain a healthy metabolism. It also can be considered brain food, as the nutrient is necessary to properly nourish the brain. The sweet nature of inositol comes in part from the properties that make up the nutrient, in particular the component of cyclohexanehexol. While still a form of sugar, it works differently from glucose. It is required to keep the body running smoothly, and can cause a number of side effects when levels are low. A deficiency can lead to constipation, high cholesterol, problems with vision and general eye health, and hair loss. While there is no doubt that inositol is helpful to the normal operations of the human body, studies continue to be conducted to determine if there is any definitive proof that adding more to the diet will reverse any major health issue. Some researchers believe that it can work in conjunction with other nutrients to help a body recover from illness. 收起
Natural Vitamin E Powder Aturex Group Natural Vitamin E Powder is a natural vitamin E isolated from plant oil. It is an antioxidant, has physico-chemical properties, and outstanding biological activity. It is a light yellow or brown oily liquid. Natural Vitamin E Powder is used in beverages, ...展开 Natural Vitamin E Powder is a natural vitamin E isolated from plant oil. It is an antioxidant, has physico-chemical properties, and outstanding biological activity. It is a light yellow or brown oily liquid. Natural Vitamin E Powder is used in beverages, sweets, biscuits, cornmeal, cake, convenient noodles, and milk powder. 收起
Niacin - Nicotinic Acid (Vitamin B3 form ) I.H.C. Chempharm Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is a water soluble vitamin that is a vital component of the human diet. Like other water soluble vitamins, the body expresses excess niacin, meaning that a continuous supply needs to be consumed. Common ...展开 Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is a water soluble vitamin that is a vital component of the human diet. Like other water soluble vitamins, the body expresses excess niacin, meaning that a continuous supply needs to be consumed. Common sources of B3, along with other healthy vitamins and minerals, are meats, wheat germ, dairy products, and yeast. Under rare situations, a patient may need to take this vitamin as a supplement. Caution should be used when adding it to the diet, however, as an excess can be harmful. Vitamin B3 was discovered by chemists who were working with nicotine. When nicotine was oxidized, it produced nicotinic acid. As the chemists explored the properties of the substance, they realized that it had potential health applications. Since nicotinic acid is found in substances that do not contain nicotine, a new name was chosen to distinguish it from nicotine. Allegedly, niacin is a portmanteau of nicotinic acid vitamin. Further research showed that this vitamin played a crucial role in many biological functions, either in a pure form or in the form of chemicals derived from it. 收起
Niacinamide - Nicotinamid - (Vitamin B3 form) I.H.C. Chempharm Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid amide, is a water-soluble vitamin made from niacin in the body. When niacin exists in greater amounts than needed, it is converted into niacinamide. Both niacin and niacinamide are part of the B c...展开 Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid amide, is a water-soluble vitamin made from niacin in the body. When niacin exists in greater amounts than needed, it is converted into niacinamide. Both niacin and niacinamide are part of the B complex vitamins, making up vitamin B3. This vitamin is needed to keep cells healthy and to produce fatty acids. Niacinamide is a component of the coenzymes called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). It combines with them to convert glycogen into glucose and to release energy from body tissues. Other functions include helping to heal broken DNA strands and keeping the central nervous system functioning well. Vitamin B3 is found in a large variety of foods, including yeast, milk, fish, eggs, meat, beans, green vegetables, and cereals. Often it is combined with the other B vitamins as a supplement. Proper amounts can usually be obtained by eating a healthy, varied diet. Deficiency can cause a condition called pellagra. Symptoms of this disease include diarrhea, skin irritations, and dementia. This is not frequently seen today because many foods are vitamin fortified. It was very common in the early 20th century, however. 收起
Pyridoxind (Vitamin B6) I.H.C. Chempharm Pyridoxine is a compound also known as vitamin B6. It shares this designation with the compounds pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. These substances have very similar chemical structures, and all operate in the human body in the same way. All forms of vitamin B6...展开 Pyridoxine is a compound also known as vitamin B6. It shares this designation with the compounds pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. These substances have very similar chemical structures, and all operate in the human body in the same way. All forms of vitamin B6 are based on the pyridine ring. These compounds are heterocylic in nature. This means that they are composed of at least one atom of carbon, one atom or compound that is not carbon, and are structured as a ring. Pyridoxine has hydroxyl and methyl compounds attached to it, in addition to a carbon atom. In total, there are six forms of vitamin B6. These include pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), and their three phosphate derivatives. Vitamin B6 is necessary to maintain the balance of sodium and potassium in the body, and also encourages red blood cell production. Also, pyridoxine assists the body in converting carbohydrates to glucose, which is used as the body's energy source. There are almost no individuals who are severely deficient in pyridoxine. The most common natural sources of this compound are meat and milk. Very few plants are a significant source of pyridoxine, with dragonfruit grown in southeastern Asia as one rare exception. Vegetarians may suffer from a lack of vitamin B6, but this can usually be offset by taking supplements. Vitamin B6 is soluble in water, which means that the human body does not store it. 收起
Sodium Ascorbat I.H.C. Chempharm Sodium Ascorbat is one of a number of mineral salts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The molecular formula of this chemical compound is C6H7NaO6. As the sodium salt of ascorbic acid, it is known as a mineral ascorbate. It has not been demonstrated to be more...展开 Sodium Ascorbat is one of a number of mineral salts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The molecular formula of this chemical compound is C6H7NaO6. As the sodium salt of ascorbic acid, it is known as a mineral ascorbate. It has not been demonstrated to be more bioavailable than any other form of vitamin C supplement. Sodium ascorbate normally provides 131 mg of sodium per 1,000 mg of ascorbic acid (1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate contains 889 mg of ascorbic acid and 111 mg of sodium). As a food additive, it has the E number E301 and is used as an antioxidant and an acidity regulator. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA, and Australia and New Zealand. 收起
Thiamine Mononitrat-HCL B1 I.H.C. Chempharm Thiamine mononitrate, often referred to as vitamin B1, is an essential human nutrient involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the synthesis of amino acids or the use of sugars as energy. Though the compound is required by the biology of all a...展开 Thiamine mononitrate, often referred to as vitamin B1, is an essential human nutrient involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the synthesis of amino acids or the use of sugars as energy. Though the compound is required by the biology of all animals on Earth, it is only generated in primitive organisms such as bacteria and plant life, so human beings must obtain it through their food or nutritional supplements. When thiamine mononitrate is added as a supplement to foods such as breakfast cereals, it is often referred to in a broader context as a B-vitamin complex. This is because its usually added in conjunction with other B vitamins, such as vitamin B2 or riboflavin, vitamin B3 or niacin, and vitamin B6 known as pyridoxine, as well as others. While vital to virtually every cellular function in the body where it is broken down into thiamin pyrophosphate, one of these areas is the proper function of the human nervous system. If there is a deficiency of thiamine mononitrate, inflammation of nerves near the brain known as peripheral neuritis can occur. The vitamin is also crucial to metabolic processes such as digestion, and supplements are often prescribed to alleviate diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, and other related conditions affected by the impaired metabolism of food into energy and nutrients. 收起
Tocopherol E (liquid, powder) I.H.C. Chempharm Tocopherol, better known as Vitamin E, is a fat soluble chemical essential to human health. In chemical form, it is a viscous liquid that varies in color from yellow to a reddish brown. As a naturally occurring component, it is found in a host of foods, i...展开 Tocopherol, better known as Vitamin E, is a fat soluble chemical essential to human health. In chemical form, it is a viscous liquid that varies in color from yellow to a reddish brown. As a naturally occurring component, it is found in a host of foods, including vegetable oils, nuts and nut oils, grains, green and yellow vegetables, some fruits, meat, eggs and dairy products. Breakfast cereals and many other prepared foods also are fortified with tocopherol, making them good sources of this vitamin. Vitamin E supplements also are readily available, alone or in multivitamins. Tocopherol helps with a number of functions in the human body, such as aiding in cellular respiration and clearing pollutants from the cells. It promotes better circulation by assisting in the function of red blood cells and preventing clots. Its most dramatic function, however, is as an antioxidant, a substance that limits damage done as the body uses oxygen. This process of oxidation produces free radicals, which cause wear and decay to the body and which can contribute to a number of serious degenerative disorders when left unchecked. Antioxidants such as tocopherol break up free radicals, preventing or slowing damage to the body. 收起